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efml: electronic fuck my life

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Areas/electricity/active-components/op-amp.md Normal file
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![[op-amp-basic-schematic-symbol.svg]]
The operational amplifier has a very high input impedance which makes it very good for amplifying low voltage signals.
Basically the OpAmp is a function like this:
$\displaystyle Y = A_v (X_1 - X_2)$
Where:
$$
\begin{flalign}
&Y = \text{Output Voltage}&\\\
&A_v = \text{Open Loop Gain}\\
&X_1 = \text{Input V1 (Non Inverting Input)}\\
&X_2 = \text{Input V2 (Inverting Input)}\\
\end{flalign}
$$
# Regions
Op Amps functions in different regions, just like diodes, and transistors.
![[op-amp-regions.png|400]]
**Linear Region**
This is how the Op-Amp normally functions.
**Saturation Region**
When the output of the op-amp would be higher than $+V_{CC}$ or lower than $-V_{CC}$ the output value is clamped to those values.
In real life OpAmps have $A_V$ values as high as $10^8$ or $10^9$ due to this even very small input voltages would quickly leave the linear region. That is why we need
**Negative Feedback**
To use negative feedback we connect the output of the OpAmp to one of its inputs. This connection is modified by a *feedback factor* ($\beta$) which can be in the range $0 \le \beta \le 1$.
Due to this feedback the new formula for the output $V_O$ is now:
$$
\begin{flalign}
&V_o = A_V * V_\Delta&\\\
\\
&V_- = \beta * V_o\\
&\text{Now we can say that }V_\Delta \text{is equal to:}\\
&V_\Delta = V_+ - \beta *V_o &| \textit{ Solve for }V_o \\
&V_o = \frac{V_+ - V_\Delta}{\beta}
\end{flalign}
$$
# Non-Inverting Amplifier
```circuitjs
$ 64 0.000005 1.0312258501325766 50 5 50 5e-11
a 192 240 304 240 9 15 -15 1000000 4.9999000019999595 5 100000
r 192 320 192 400 0 1000
r 304 320 192 320 0 1000
w 192 320 192 256 0
w 304 240 304 320 0
O 304 240 368 240 1 0
g 192 400 192 432 0 0
v 96 352 96 224 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5
w 96 224 192 224 2
g 96 352 96 432 0 0
b 144 288 289 401 0
x 264 386 278 389 4 24 β
```
# Buffer (Voltage-Follow)
```circuitjs
$ 64 0.000005 1.0312258501325766 50 5 50 5e-11
a 192 240 304 240 9 15 -15 1000000 4.999950000499995 5 100000
w 192 320 192 256 0
w 304 240 304 320 0
O 304 240 368 240 1 0
v 96 304 96 224 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5
w 96 224 192 224 2
g 96 304 96 352 0 0
w 192 320 304 320 0
```

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Areas/electricity/active-components/transistor.md Normal file
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There are two types of transistors:
# Bipolar Junctions Transistors (BJT)
![[bipolar-junction-transistor|200x]]
The current flowing in from Base controls the much larger current flowing between Collector and Emitter.
## Rules for NPN Transistors
**1. Polarity**
The collector must be more positive than the emitter.
**2. Junctions**
The base$\rightarrow$emitter and base$\rightarrow$collector connections behave like diodes.
**3. Maximum Ratings**
Any transistor has maximum ratings for $I_C$ ,$I_B$ and $V_{CE}$ that should not be exceded.
**4. Current Amplifier**
When rules 1-3 are obeyed, $I_C$ is roughly equivalent to $IB$ and can be written like:
$\displaystyle I_C = \beta I_B$
In the following example circuit we can see that for a $\beta$ of 100 the Ic current is aroung 100 times higher than the base current.
```circuitjs
$ 1 0.000005 11.086722712598126 50 5 43 5e-11
R 256 16 256 -48 0 0 40 2 0 0 0.5
g 256 144 256 208 0 0
t 192 80 256 80 0 1 -1.552 0.44799999999999995 100 default
R 144 80 64 80 0 0 40 0.44799999999999995 0 0 0.5
w 256 16 256 64 3
w 256 96 256 144 3
w 144 80 192 80 1
x 272 -5 289 -2 4 24 C
x 273 179 289 182 4 24 E
x 96 68 112 71 4 24 B
x 266 82 275 85 4 12 Ic
o 1 16 0 159745 0.0001 0.0001 0 2 1 3
38 3 F1 0 0 1.4 -1 Voltage
```
## NPN vs PNP Transistors
The names come from the way they are constructed
![[bjt-transistors.png]]
![[transistors-pnp-npn]]
# Transistor Modes
## Saturation
In this mode the transistor acts like a short circuit and current flows freely from emitter to collector.
## Cut-Off
In this mode the transistor acts like an open circuit and no current flows from emitter to collector.
When $V_C > V _B < V_E$ then the transistor acts in Cutoff Region
## Active
The current from collector to emitter is proportional to the current flowing into the base.
# Field-Effect Transistors (FET)
![[field-effect-transistor|200x]]

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34
Areas/electricity/circuits/filters/crossover.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
```circuitjs
$ 1 0.000005 4.252108200006279 50 5 43 5e-11
w 144 48 144 192 0
l 144 48 256 48 0 0.0021000000000000003 0.03475705451581527 0
c 256 48 256 128 0 0.000059999999999999995 0.004103722181158164 0.001
g 256 128 256 144 0 0
l 256 48 368 48 0 0.0007 -0.00019626553302779068 0
r 368 48 368 128 0 5.6
g 368 128 368 144 0 0
c 144 192 224 192 0 0.000021 0.28247067907643153 0.001
l 224 192 224 272 0 0.0015 0.05216033478886568 0
g 224 272 224 304 0 0
c 224 192 304 192 0 0.000063 0.08798149742233852 0.001
l 304 192 368 192 0 0.00023999999999999998 0.39364251752638785 0
l 368 192 432 192 0 0.00007999999999999999 0.2045046909150593 0
r 432 192 432 272 0 8
c 368 192 368 272 0 0.0000032999999999999997 2.8540707011819855 0.001
g 368 272 368 304 0 0
g 432 272 432 304 0 0
w 144 192 144 368 0
c 144 368 256 368 0 0.0000024 1.9379638766674248 0.001
l 256 368 256 432 0 0.00015 0.07979150824953853 0
g 256 432 256 480 0 0
c 256 368 368 368 0 0.000007099999999999999 -0.28883337134377607 0.001
r 368 368 368 432 0 5.6
g 368 432 368 480 0 0
170 144 48 80 48 2 100 20000 5 0.1
x 422 98 519 101 4 24 LowPass
x 473 237 582 240 4 24 BandPass
x 415 408 517 411 4 24 HighPass
o 22 16 0 x81016 4.493571323078259 0.0001 0 2 3 0 22 3 0.000049999999999999996 0 high
o 13 16 0 x83016 5.606100247506279 0.0001 0 2 3 0 13 3 0.000049999999999999996 0 mid
o 5 16 0 x83016 5.222932005819454 0.0001 0 2 3 0 5 3 0.000049999999999999996 0 low
```

30
Areas/electricity/circuits/filters/more-types.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
![[Pasted image 20220327155446.png]]
# Butterworth Filter
**Good**
+ Steep roll-off
+ Good selectivity
**Bad**
- great delay
- poorer phase linearity
# Bessel Filter
**Good**
- superior phase shift
- low sensitivity
- superior step response
**Bad**
- doesnt have a sharp cutoff
# Chebyshev Filter
**Good**
+ Sharp Roll-off
**Bad**
- Ripple in stopband
# Elliptic Filter
**Good**
+ Sharpest roll-off of all
**Bad**
- Ripple in PassBand and StopBand

30
Areas/electricity/circuits/filters/topology.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
# L - Topology
The L filters consist of two reactive elements, one in series with the signal and one in parallel to it.
**RC Filters** are very cheap and easy to build but are only suited for low power applications as there is a resistor in series with the signal. Also the resistor may introduce thermal noise to the signal.
**RL Filters**
![[filter-topology-l.excalidraw]]
## T-Topology
![[filter-topology-t]]
# $\pi$ - Topology
![[filter-topolgy-pi]]
pi Topology is mostly used for Low Pass Filters.
This filter is used a lot to reduce the ripple of Full Bridge Rectifiers.
Formulas:
![[formulas#Cutoff Frequency pi Topology Filter|Cutoff Frequency]]

3
Areas/electricity/circuits/rc-low-pass.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ We can also see that for the RL LowPass Filter the positions of the resistor and
Lets design a RC LowPass Filter with a [[glossary#Cutoff Frequency|Cutoff Frequency]] of $15.9kHz$. The Formular for calculating the cutoff frequency is the following:
![[formulas#Cutoff Frequency for RC LowPass]]
![[formulas#Cutoff Frequency for RC Filters]]
So, we now have the following formula:
@ -63,3 +63,4 @@ Or we can plot it
# Second Order Low Pass Filter
If we place two LPF's in series

34
Areas/electricity/circuits/series-rlc.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
![[rlc-series-example.png]]
Lets find out the total impedance and current of this circuit:
$$
\begin{flalign}
&I = \frac{V}{Z}&\\\
&Z = R^2 + (X_C-X_C)^2&\\
&X_C = \frac{1}{\omega C} &\\
&X_L = \omega C &\\
\end{flalign}
$$
Lets put in some numbers
$$
\begin{flalign}
&X_C = \frac{1}{2\pi*50*0.0001} \approx 31.830\ohm &\\\
&X_L = 2\pi*50*0.15 \approx 47.123\ohm&\\
&Z = \sqrt{12^2+(31.830-47.123)^2} \approx 19.4\ohm\\
&I = \frac{100}{19.439} \approx 5.14A
\end{flalign}
$$
Now lets finally calculate the voltage drops across all the components
$$
\begin{flalign}
V_R = 5.14*12 &\approx 61.68V&\\\
V_L = 5.14*47.13 &\approx 242.24V\\
V_C = 5.14*31.83 & \approx 163.6V\\
\end{flalign}
$$

0
Areas/electricity/parts/capacitors/smoothing.md → Areas/electricity/circuits/voltage-divider.md
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45
Areas/electricity/formulas.md
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@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ $\displaystyle f_{c} = \frac{R}{2\pi L}$
## Signal Response of an RC Filter
Xc = [[#Capacitive Reactance]]
$X_c$ = [[#Capacitive Reactance]] || [[#Inductive Reactance]]
$\displaystyle V_{out} = V_{in}(\frac{X_{c}}{\sqrt{R^2+X_{c}^2}})$
@ -106,6 +106,47 @@ $\displaystyle f_{(-3db)} = f_{c}\sqrt{2^{(\frac{1}{n})}-1}$
Where $n$ = Number if **identical** filters
# Center Frequency for RLC Low Pass Filter
# Resonance Frequency for RLC Low Pass Filter
$\displaystyle f_{o} = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}$
# Center Frequency with Fc and Fh
$f_{c} = \sqrt{f_{h}*f_{l}}$
## Filter Response for RC Filters
$V_{out} = V_{in}(\frac{X_c}{\sqrt{R_{1}^2+X_{c}^2}})$
## Cutoff Frequency $\pi$ Topology Filter
When the two capacitors have the same capacitance, it can be calculated like this:
$\displaystyle f_c = \frac{1}{4\pi\sqrt{LC}}$
## Voltage Divider
$V_{out} = V_{in}(\frac{R_{1}}{R_1+R_2})$
# Angular Frequency ($\omega$)
$\omega = 2\pi f = \frac{2\pi}{T}$ ^4ad7fc
# RLC Series Response
This is basically Ohms Law:
$\displaystyle V = IZ$
Where $Z$ is the impedance:
$Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}$
# Current through a transistor
$\displaystyle I_{EQ} = \frac{V_{BB}-{V_{BE}}}{\frac{R_B}{(\beta+1)}+R_E}$
# Non-Inverting Amplifier Gain

26
Areas/electricity/glossary.md
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@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ In [electrical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering
## Output Impedance ($Z_{out}$)
## Reactance (X)
Reactance is resistance related to frequency
## Voltage (V)
**Voltage**, **electric potential difference**, **electric pressure** or **electric tension** is the difference in [electric potential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential "Electric potential") between two points.
@ -52,12 +55,33 @@ A component is a **reactive component** when it resists to changes in current or
## Millmans Theorem
## Cutoff Frequency
## Cutoff Frequency ($f_{c}$)
$\rightarrow$ [[filters]]
The frequency at which the output strength of a filter is 3dB lower than the input strength. When this frequency is passed the output signal is $V_{Peak} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ the strength of the input signal.
# High/Low Cutoff Frequency ($f_{H}/f_{L}$)
# Center Frequency
$\rightarrow$ [[formulas#Center Frequency for RLC Low Pass Filter | Formula 1]] $\rightarrow$ [[formulas]]
The midpoint between the High and the Low Cutoff Frequency,
# Pass-Band
The Pass-Band is the frequency range which is allowed to pass through a filter without changes.
# Stop-Band
The stopband is the frequency range which is attenuated by a filter.
# Pass-Band Ripple
![[frequency-response.png]]
# Transfer Function
The Transfer function is a mathematical model of some analog filter that represents the input strength to output strength related to the frequency of the input.
# Angular Frequency ($\omega$)
![[formulas#^4ad7fc]]

3
Areas/electricity/parts/op-amp.md
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@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
![[op-amp-basic-schematic-symbol.svg]]
The operational amplifier has a very high input impedance which makes it very good for amplifying low voltage signals.

0
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0
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5
Areas/electricity/parts/filters.md → Areas/electricity/passive-components/filters.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ There are two different types of filters:
# Passive Filters
Passive filters use passive components to filter a signal, like resistors, capacitors or inductors.
Passive filters use passive components like resistors, capacitors or inductors.
# Active Filters
@ -59,3 +59,6 @@ Now lets calculate the cutoff frequency when we place three of those filters in
$f_{(-3db)} = 530.51 \sqrt{2^{(\frac{1}{3})}-1}$
$\displaystyle f_{(-3db)} \approx 270.467010633$
![[Drawing 2022-03-26 14.04.42.excalidraw]]

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0
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6
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
A relay is basically a switch that is controled by voltage.
# Mechanical Relay
# Solid State Relay

0
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0
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Areas/optimizing/dev.md
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@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
## ~~ Nested tmux sessions ~~
Adding this:
```config
```yaml
RequestTTY true
RemoteCommand tmux new -A -s ssh
```
@ -15,11 +16,9 @@ If i ssh into a remote machine with tmux started as well I have some problems:
- This works by hitting the prefix key twice, e.g. ctrl-a-a
## ~~ Debian Gnome sometimes comma key doesn't work ~~
Has not happened in a while
## ~~ Neovim shortcut to comment out ~~
Fixed this by installing the NerdCommenter Plugin
## ~~ Neovim Auto fix problems shortcut + hover window ~~
@ -27,5 +26,13 @@ Fixed this by installing the NerdCommenter Plugin
## ~~ Better git merging in Neovim, like in VScode ~~
## ~~ Copying between neovim, tmux and ssh sessions does not work ~~
## Learn how to use splits and buffers in neovim
## Fix the dictionary for neovim ltex-ls
# Linux
## Power Management
I want to set the Power Mode e.g. Power/Normal/Energy Saver.
Maybe with a waybar integration, but not that important.

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@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
```circuitjs
$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11
R 80 336 16 336 0 0 40 20 0 0 0.5
t 192 320 240 320 0 1 1.9615942922422976e+59 1.9615942922422976e+59 100 default
r 240 336 240 400 0 870.13
g 240 400 240 432 0 0
R 240 304 240 256 0 0 40 15 0 0 0.5
w 240 336 320 336 0
w 320 336 320 176 0
w 320 176 80 176 0
w 80 176 80 304 0
R 320 336 384 336 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5
409 80 320 192 320 1 0.6 0 25 0
R 128 288 128 256 0 0 40 15 0 0 0.5
g -16 368 -16 416 0 0
R 128 352 128 416 0 0 40 -15 0 0 0.5
o 1 16 6 159746 0.0001 0.0001 0 1
38 2 F1 0 1 1000 -1 Resistance
38 0 F1 0 -20 20 -1 Voltage
```
```circuitjs
$ 1 0.000005 382.76258214399064 50 5 43 5e-11
g -16 368 -16 416 0 0
v -16 368 -16 272 0 1 159 1 0 0 0.5
r -16 272 80 272 0 10000
c 80 176 192 176 0 1e-8 11.574895081799204 0.001
w 80 272 80 176 0
w 80 176 80 96 0
r 80 96 192 96 0 100000
w 192 96 192 176 0
409 80 288 192 288 1 0.6 29.037879762735045 0.023100000000000002 0
R 128 256 128 208 0 0 40 -15 0 0 0.5
R 128 320 128 368 0 0 40 15 0 0 0.5
w 80 304 80 368 0
r 80 368 80 432 0 10000
g 80 432 80 464 0 0
w 192 288 192 176 0
O 192 288 272 288 0 0
o 15 16 0 159754 13.6659683006871 0.0001 0 1
```

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Untitled.md Normal file
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