feat: finish T2 and T3

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# Why does an Engineer study Business?
**General Knowledge**
- The world is economic
- who has heard of the crisis
- CPI? Unemployment Rate?
- Interest Rates
**Personal Motives**
- Living is economic
- Buy a house, ask for a loan...
- Manage your income and expenses
-
**Work Related Motives**
- How long do you want to work?
- Who will work for a company
- Who will create their own company
## What skills does an engineer need?
- Knowledge
- technological and scientific
- languages (english)
- ethical knowledge
- environmental knowledge
- humanitarian knowledge
- be willing to learn
- Skills
- Good Communication
- Management Skills
- Working with a team
- Taking Responsibility
- Common Sense
- being tolerant
- innovative
- imaginative
- creative
- curious
# Work for yourself
The key question is: *Do i want to create a company?*
- Alone or with partners?
- Legalform?
- Ltd?
# Legal Forms
## > Individual Entrepreneur
- Present and future wealth
- Economical and fast
- Best for small businesses
- High tax rate
## > Limited Company
- Minimal capital 3.000€
- Prefer transfer between partners
## > Limited Liability Company (Most Used)
- Minimal capital: 60.000€
- Free transfering of shares
# Legal Entities
## > Physical Person
- Individual Businessperson
- Community owned property
- civil society
## > Legal Person
- Trading Company
- Limited Liability Company
- Collectively owned company
- Limited joint-stock partnership
- Limited Partnership
## > Special Commercial Companies
- Labor Company
- Cooperative labor society of the Valencian community

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# 02 - What is a business?
## Two ways to look at a business:
- A business as a system
- A business as a black-box

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# Business as a Black-Box
![[business-as-black-box.png]]
We can analyse a business as a black box. With the inputs being raw material, parts, capital, labor and management and the outputs being the achievement of certain goals, mostly economical ones.
Companies create value over time.
# Value Chain of a furniture factory
The process of turning those inputs into something more valueable is called the value chain.
![[02-what-is-a-business_value-chain.excalidraw]]
# How do we measure added value?
In the most simple form it:
$\displaystyle \text{Added value} = \text{Sales Revenue} - \text{Cost of supplies}$
# What is the VAT (Value Added Tax)
VAT is payed by the consumers when they buy a product. It is a indirect tax, because the money goes to the companies first, and they give it to the government.
# Types of VAT's (as of 1/09/2012)
## 0% | Without VAT
- Hospitals, Training
## 4% | Super Reduced VAT
- Bread
- Eggs
- Milk
- Fruit
- Vegetables
- Textbooks
## 10% | Reduced VAT
- Pharmaceutical Products
- Restaurants
- Hotels
- Transportation
- Glasses
- *Majority Food?*
## 21% | General VAT
- Car
- Electricity
- Gas
- Telefone

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# Business as a System
*But what even is a system?*
A set of actors that interact to achieve a common goal.
A company is a technical-social structure, with different subsystems that interact. It is purposely structured in a way that it can achieve its own goals.
![[04-business-as-system.excalidraw]]

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# Subsystems of a business
- Marketing
- Human Resources
- Management
- Logistics
- Production
- After Market
- Provisioning
- Finances
# How many subsystems does a industrial company have
## > Management Subsystem
Manage to achieve the goals
## > Operations Subsystem
Create the products / handle delivery
## > Resource Subsystems
Gathers and manages resources

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# Company Environment
Evolution of the environment of a business is unstoppable, it will always change.
# What is the environment of a business?
*General Environment*
For all businesses that work in a social, economical, political or tecnological area.
*Competetive and specific Environment*
Shared environment of all businesses acting in the same sector.

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# Which factors affect a business?
## Economical
- Growth
- Availability and distribution of Ressources
- Preisentwicklung (Inflation/Deflation)
- Politics, Taxes and Currencies
## Sociocultural
- Cultural Guidelines
- Educational level
- Demographical Factors
- Distribution of income
## Legal
- Political System
- Regulations
- Goverment/Laws
- Subsidies
## Technological
- Maturity of technology
- Availability and access to technology
- Technological innovations
# Economical
- Ressources, Demand/Supply
# Microconomical
- Specific marketsectors, wheat, oil, steel
- Business Spending
# Macroeconomical
- GDP, Inflation, Unemployment rate
**IMF - International Monetary Fond**
- Worlds largest financial institution
- Decisions affect many countries
- Loans money
- Control of exchange policies
# GDP
Measure of the material well-being of a society.
Its the value of goods and services produced within a country during a certain time period, mostly annual.
*Final Goods* are goods that are not meant for further processing but for consumption.
GDP = Consumer + Investment + Public Spending + Export/Import
*Consumption*: Food, Housing, Leisure
*Investment:* Raw Materials, Machines, Facilities
*Public Spending:* Infastructure, Health, Education
*Export-Import*: Outside Sales, Outside Buying -> Balance of trade
## Nominal GDP
- Current Prices (yearly)
## Real GDP
- Constant Prices (compared to base year)
# GNP
Produced by citizens of a country
Products which enter the
Gross National Product
# **CPI** - Consumer Price Index
Measures the evolution of prices of goods and services consumed by the population resident in family homes in Spain.
How much is the cost of shopping?
Purchasing Power Indicator
Helps answer questions like:
*How much should we raise salary?*
*How much are the pensions going up?*
## How it is calculated?
Weighted Average of the Prices of a “shopping basket”
Products are sorted into 12 groups:
1. Food and non-alcoholig beverages
2. Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
3. Dress and footwear
4. Housing
5. Household
6. Medicine
7. Transport
8. Communication
9. Leisure and culture
10. Teaching
11. Hotels, cafes and restaurants
12. Other goods and services
**[HCPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonised_Index_of_Consumer_Prices)**
The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices is an indicator of inflation and price stability for the European Central Bank. It is a consumer price index which is compiled according to a methodology that has been harmonised across EU countries.
# Inflation
Rate of Inflation is calculated by the change of the CPI.
Rising/Falling of the prices
*Why do the prices fluctuate?*
Theory: Demand vs Availability
### Inflation
- Loss of purchasing power
- Loss of competetivness
### Deflation
- Reduce in demand
# Unemployment Rate
It is the percentage of the active population which is not working.
6% is about the normal level at which there is equilibrium in the market for
work, depends on the country.

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# Specific Environment
### Competetivness in a Sector
- Potential Competetiros
- Customers
# Porters five competetive Forces
Porters five forces are used to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of a company within an industry. With this a business can better decide where to positin itself within a market.
## 1. Power of potential Competitors
Number of competitors in a specific sector and their ability to undercut a company.
## 2. Potential new competitors
How easy is it for new competitors to enter the market?
## 3. Power of suppliers
More powerfull suppliers demand more money for their values driving up the cost of input material.
## 4. Power of Customers
How powerfull the customers are affects how much the company can demand for their products or services.
## 5. Threat of substitute products
How unique are the products/services that a company produces, if they can easily be replaces by a similar product it does not have much power there.

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# SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis helps analysing the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities related to a business or project.
*Internal*
## Weaknesses - Debalididades
Disadvantages the business has relative to other businesses.
## Strength - Fortalezas
Advantages the business has relative to other businesses.
*External*
## Opportunities - Oportunidadtes
Things in the environment the business could use to gain advantages.
## Threats - Amenazas
Things in the environment that could become disadvantages for the business.

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# What is the Managerial Subsystem
It manages the business with the goal of achieving the business objectives.
That means it coordinates and integrates the resources and people in a business.
It tries to improve existing resources or create new ones. That can both be physical ones like material or non-tangible ones like patents or knowledge.
Any level (manager, department director, section chief) and any company (club, store, university)

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# Planning
# Organizing
# HR Department
# Controlling

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# Decision Making
This is the essential activity of business management.
## Rational Decision making model
This model helps making decisions based in logic and rational.
**1. Understand the Scope and the Problem**
*Example:* Low production due to old machines
**2. Create evalutation Criterias**
*Example:* production amount,quality, cost
**3. Research solutions**
*Example:* Different machine models
**4. Evaluate the solutions**
Based on the evaulation criterias
**5. Make a choice**
Select the best machine.
**6. Implement in practice**
Buy, integrate...

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# Decision Types
![[04-decision-types.excalidraw]]
# Exercise
| Decision | Type |
|----------|------|
| Decision about purchase orders | Routine |
| Create a new business line | Innovative |
| Change a production line | Adaptive |
| Deal with a refund | Routine |
| Create a new product | Innovative |
| Accounting for a very particular product | Routine |
| Decision for a new marketing campaign| Adaptive |

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# Who forms the managerial subsystem?
*Top Management*
High level decisions, analytical capabilities, creativity
*Middle Management*
Personal relations, motivation, communicaion, leadership
*Line Supervisors*
Knowledge
# Abilities of the Directors
![[05-management-levels-decisions.excalidraw|500]]
# Overview of all combined:
![[05-management-levels-all.excalidraw|1000]]
# Exercise
*In the following job offers, what managerial level are you looking for?
justify your answer saying what kind of functions, decisions and skills are mainly requested in each case.
**Offer 1**:
We are looking for a Mechanical Engineer.
Good level of Technical English (read and Written).
Management of Electronic Design Programs.
Programming Knowledge in low-level languages: C for microcontrollers, Assembler, etc. Capacity to organize and lead a group of people.
Adaptability will be valued. The vacant position belongs to the R&D Department of Zennio.
*Answer:*
Supervisor, control, routine
**Offer 2:**
Internationalized company in the technological services sector, wishes to integrate a mechanical engineer for the management of its subsidiary in Morocco.
Requirements:
Leadership capacity, and management and leadership of teams with very technical profiles.
Person with inner energy, initiative, capacity for work and organization, determined and
dynamic. Reporting to the Board of Directors, he will be responsible for the
planning and budgeting of the subsidiary company. Immediate availability.
*Answer:*
Top Management, manages planning budgeting, e.g. conceptual decisions, leadership required.

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# Most important business decisions
There are three very important a business must make:
# Mission
What is our business?
- Reason for existing
- Starting point of development
- Essence of the business
- Guide for desicion making
Requirements, definition of:
- Customers
- Products and services
- Target Market
- Differentiating factor
*Example:*
Transform knowledge into value for the benefit of our clients, our people and the capital markets.
[mission-statement.com](https://mission-statement.com/kpmg/)
# Vision
*Who do we want to be?*
Requirements:
- Feasible
- Motivating
- Shared
- Clear and simple
- Easy to communicate
*Example (kpmg):*
To be leaders in the markets in which we participate.
# Values
*What do we believe in and what are we like?*
Set of principles, beliefs, rules that regulate the management of the organization. They constitute the institutional philosophy and the organizational culture.
Requirements:
- Inspiring
- Motivation
- Regulating Behaviour
- Should not be more than seven
*Example(kpmg):*
- We lead by example
- We work as a team
- We respect the person
- We analyze the facts and provide our opinion
- We communicate openly and honestly
- We commit to the community

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# Characteristics of a goal
# Examples
## Ryanair
*Objectives*

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# Geographical
# Goods/Services
# Projects/Matrix
# Clients

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# Model of Henry Mintzberg
# Cloverleaf Structure
- Flexible Workforce
-

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# Communication Purposes
# Communication Obstacles
- semantics
-

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%%

View File

@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
---
excalidraw-plugin: parsed
tags: [excalidraw]
excalidraw-export-transparent: true
excalidraw-export-dark: true
---
==⚠ Switch to EXCALIDRAW VIEW in the MORE OPTIONS menu of this document. ⚠==
# Text Elements
ambigous ^cCCP4FSk
well-defined ^gbG5E5W1
ambigous ^khQMdVIr
Problems ^35xARPHl
Solutions ^wBpUgHMw
Routine ^qudCxymj
Adaptive ^NzMromik
Innovative ^AbGrhYMt
novel, little information, creative ^Kgh445d1
little changes ^JhBEpAKV
scheduled,
standard solutions ^yKIZo7bW
%%
# Drawing
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gestion - management
conocimientos - knowledge
empresa - business
habilidades - skills
equipo - equipment
trabajar con equipo - working with a team
caja negra - black box
impuesto - tax
entorno - environment
viviendo - housing
ocio - leisure
logren - achieve

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# Empreserio 1
## [T1 | Que es una Empresa? What is a business?](./business/index)
[[T1-Introduccion_a_la_empresa.pdf|PDF]]
- [x] [Introducción a la empresa? *Introduction to business?*](Areas/upv/classes/empresario/01-overview/01-introduction.md)
- [x] [¿Qué es una empresa? *What is a business?*](02-what-is-a-business.md)
- [x] [Empresa como caja negra? *Business as a Black Box?*](03-business-as-black-box.md)
- [x] [Empresa como sistema *Business as a System*](04-business-as-system.md)
- [x] [Subsistemas de la empresa *Subsystems of businesses.*](05-business-subsystems.md)
## T2 | El entorno economico de la empresa, The economic environment of the company
[[T2-El_entorno_economico_de_la_empresa.pdf|PDF]]
- [x] [El entorno de la empresa *The environment of the company*](./02-economic-environment/01-company-environment.md)
- [x] [El entorno general *The environment in general*](./02-economic-environment/02-general-environment.md)
- [x] El entorno específico *The specific environment*
- [x] Análisis externo e interno: DAFO *External and internal Analysis: SWOT*
## T3 | Conceptos generales de gestion, General management concepts
[[T3-Conceptos_generales_de_gestion.pdf|PDF]]
- [x] Subsistema directivo *Management Subsystem*
- [x] Funciones de la gestión empresarial *Functions of business managment*
- [x] Toma de decisiones *Decision Making*
- [x] Tipos de decisiones *Types of Decisions*
- [x] Niveles directivos *Management Levels*
- [x] Decisiones mas importantes en una empresa *Important decisions for a business*
## T4 | Planifications y control, Planning and control
[[T4-Planificacion_y_control.pdf|PDF]]
- [ ] Visión general del directivo *Management Overview*
- [ ] Planificación *Planning*
- [ ] Proceso de Planificación *The planning Process*
- [ ] Planificación: Objetivo, estrategia y plan *Planning, Objectives, Strategies and plans*
- [ ] Control
- [ ] Tipos de control *Types of control*
- [ ] Control: Cuadro de Mando integral *control: integrated control panel*
## T5 | Organicazíon, Organisation
[[T5-Organizacion.pdf|PDF]]
- [ ] Introducción de la Organización *Introduction to Organisation*
- [ ] Organización *Organisation*
- [ ] Unidad organizativa *Organisational Units*
- [ ] Departamentalización *Departmentalisation*
- [ ] Estructura organizativa *Organisational Structures*
- [ ] Organigrama *Organisation Chart*
## T6 | Dirección, Leading
[[T6-Direccion.pdf|PDF]]
- [ ] Introducción: ¿dirigir o liderar? *Introduction, managing or leading*
- [ ] Dirección *Direction*
- [ ] Liderazgo *Leadership*
- [ ] Motivación *Motivation*
- [ ] Comunicación *Communication*